A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. In some andesites, however, it can be present at up to 20% of the total rock volume. Igneous rocks develop from magma and lava that forms at a variety of geological features such as tectonic plate boundaries, volcanoes, and sea floor lava vents. They form in subduction zones, where one tectonic plate is sliding under another, as is the case with the Andes Mountains, and also along volcanic island arcs. By contrast, felsic rocks contain high amounts of silicon, potassium, and sodium, making these rocks lighter in color. The groundmass (the main, fine-grained part of the rock) of andesite is almost always light gray to dark gray. The density of this type of rocks is 2.11 2.36 g/cm. Read this ScienceStruck article to know the facts, origin, formation, and properties of andesite rocks. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. [26] Over time as crystallization continues and the system loses heat, these reservoirs cool. Based on the geochemical characteristics of volcanic glass (determined using an electron microprobe), seven layers were correlated with tephra from several cores in the northwestern Pacific and the Bering Sea. Andesite is intermediate in composition between basalt and rhyolite. It is used as a filler or sometimes added as a constituent to various compounds. Metamorphic rocks, by contrast, are created when a combination of high temperature and pressure transform crystals and minerals into new rocks like slate, gneiss, and schist. Andesite is intermediate in composition, meaning it is somewhere between basaltic and granitic magma. At subduction zones, the crust slides beneath another tectonic plate, resulting in the melting, partial cooling, and remelting of the rocks and sediments found in these regions. In the field, weathered specimens must be broken to properly see their color and their mineral composition. 1 0 obj Andesite is further distinguished from basalt by its silica content of over 52%. Andesite: Igneous Rock - Pictures, Definition & More - Geology When the magma erupts onto the Earth's surface, the rest of the melt crystallizes quickly. While granite is known to be rich and basalt or rhyolite to be poor in their silica content, andesite rock is said to be having silica content, intermediate to these rocks. Furthermore, this rock was also found in two space meteorites in the year 2009 in the Graves Nunatak Icefield during a meteorite search. Once there, the basaltic melt can either underplate the crust, creating a layer of molten material at its base, or it can move into the overriding plate in the form of dykes. Andesite comes in many colors but is usually light or dark gray, and is often porphyritic. Andesite vents tend to build up composite volcanoes rather than the shield volcanoes characteristic of basalt, with its much lower viscosity resulting from its lower silica content and higher eruption temperature. They could also describe the psychological makeup or personality of a person. 2004. Rocks can be described as having more than one texture as long as the texture types are not mutually exclusive. This article is part of my rock identification series. It has an aphanitic texture, meaning its interlocking crystals cannot be seen by the naked eye. An example of andesite, showing the presence of phenocrysts. Lava Flow Composition & Types | What is Lava Flow? Dehydration melting of peridotite and fractional crystallization. Andesites are generally found as surface deposits and may therefore be considered the "extrusive" equivalent to diorite, which is formed beneath the Earth's surface (and is thus an "intrusive" or plutonic rock). "Andesite porphyry" is the name used for these rocks with two crystal sizes. Create your account. It is difficult to imagine how a magma can contain enough dissolved gas to produce one of these eruptions. In terms of magma composition, they are chemically similar to diorite, their intrusive cousin. Pavlof Volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Alaska. The presence of both mafic and felsic minerals gives andesite its classic ''salt and pepper'' texture and color. [28] Magmas in these reservoirs become evolved in composition (dacitic to rhyolitic) through both the process of fractional crystallization and partial melting of the surrounding country rock. Andesite is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition. The crust undergoing subduction melts and turns into lava that returns to the Earth's surface via volcanic activity to form andesite and other extrusive igneous rocks. WebCharacteristics of Magma. Remember that andesite comes in many different morphologies and that one specimen can look very different from the next. Slow cooling facilitates the growth of large mineral crystals in the rock. 2015. 2013-04-09 17:41:48. Some examples of intrusive igneous rocks include granite, diorite, and gabbro. The phenocrysts found in andesite include plagioclase, augite, hornblende, and biotite. However, none of these classifications are in perfect agreement. Small amounts of mica will be present as biotite or muscovite. Fluxing water into the wedge lowers the solidus of the mantle material and causes partial melting. Wiki User. Subduction zones are often associated with distinctive geological features such as island arcs, volcanoes, and tectonically active mountain ranges. Istiyanti et al. <> Andesite has also been used as evidence of volcanic activity on Mars. They have some uses in the construction industry, but generally are a very average rock. This intermediate mixture usually occurs when the two different magma types are mixed together. They generally form after an oceanic plate melts during its descent into the subduction zone to produce a source of magma. Limestone Rock Uses, Location & Types | How is Limestone Formed? The best you can do is to first estimate the percentage of dark, mafic minerals in the rock. It involves a variety of personal qualities that may or may not exist in an individual. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. WebMing Zhu, Sun Jinggui, Yan Jia, Zhao Shifeng, Zhu Junquan, Liu Chen, Feng Yangyang, Yang Mei. She has taught a combination of ESL and STEM courses to secondary and university students. [20], Partially molten basalt in the mantle wedge moves upwards until it reaches the base of the overriding crust. Traces of andesite have also been found in meteorites that have struck Earth over the years, which have led researchers to speculate about the role that meteorites have played in the formation of both Earth and Martian crust material. Sedimentary rocks are formed by soils, rock fragments, and sediments that have been compacted together to form siltstone, limestone, sandstone, and shale. An andesite (or the andesite definition) represents a type of rock commonly formed at subduction plate boundaries. This site contains affiliate links to products. Andesites are formed at accretionary plate margins by several processes: Andesitic magma in island arc regions (that is, active oceanic margins) comes from interplay between the subducting plate and the mantle wedge, the part of the overriding plate above the subducted plate. Because the andesite found on Mars demonstrates both mafic and felsic qualities, scientists believe that Martian andesite represents the byproduct of igneous activity in the planet's geologic history, as well as the presence of ancient water sources. Water in the subducted oceanic crust "boils off" from the slab by dehydration of hydrated minerals such as amphibole, zeolites, and chlorite. Andesite is a gray to black volcanic rock with intermediate silica content, typical for lava domes and stratovolcanoes in subduction zones. Andesite: The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across and has a porphyritic texture. Quartz is almost entirely absent from andesite. Shale Rock | Properties, Formation & Uses, Conglomerate Rock | Formation, Composition and Types, Felsic Rocks | Composition, Classification & Terminology. Andesite is intermediate in composition, containing less quartz than felsic rhyolite and more quartz than mafic basalt, but it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish when it comes to the percentage of mafic minerals present. As the intermediate magma mixture sits below the surface, it sometimes has enough time for larger crystals of plagioclase feldspar and other minerals to form. In addition to this, it may contain hornblende. Models of heat transfer, however, show that arc basalts emplaced at temperatures 11001240C cannot provide enough heat to melt lower crustal amphibolite. [13] As a result, andesitic volcanism is often explosive, forming tuffs and agglomerates. For a fine-grained rock like andesite, these classifications are impossible to use precisely when in the field or the classroom. The mineral composition becomes altered, and this may have affected the crystal andtexture of the rock. We hope you are enjoying ScienceStruck! Other accessory minerals like olivine may also be present in small quantities. The ''salt,'' or light coloration is derived largely from the plagioclase phenocrysts, which are white or light grey in color. Hornblende Andesite Porphyry: A specimen of andesite with large visible hornblende phenocrysts. from publication: Applications of glaze and decor on dimensioned andesites used in It was first applied by Christian Leopold von Buch in 1826. WebAndesite is a rock, not a mineral. What is the characteristics of andesitic magma? Occasionally, andesites contain large, visible grains of plagioclase, amphibole, or pyroxene. Andesite can sometimes be fairly difficult to identify, partly because it comes in so many varieties and partly because it is sometimes confused with other rock types. On Mars, for example, the Pathfinder and Mariner missions identified andesite deposits on the Martian surface. The pyroxene minerals that may be present include augite, pigeonite, or orthopyroxene. adroit or imaginative. In 20162017, five Ultisol pedons (P8, P9, P10, P11, and P15) were sampled from basaltic andesites and other associations. Each of these minerals can present itself in different ways. This rock is considered to be the volcanic equivalent of diorite, which is a granular crystalline rock. This places andesite in the O2 field of the TAS classification. A rock must meet all of these requirements to be considered andesite: If your rock meets all of those criteria then it is very likely andesite, or at least something very closely related. Phenocrysts of pyroxene or hornblende are also common. It may contain trace amounts of alkali feldspar as well. Dark Hair and Swarthy One of the most noted perceptions of the physical appearance of Welsh people is that they have dark brown or black hair and overall rather swarthy complexions. The crystal sizes become moreinvisible and larger. Characteristics. Discover how andesite is formed and learn what type of rock it is. Classification of andesites may be refined according to the most abundant phenocryst. The presence of plagioclase phenocrysts is also a great indication that your rock is andesite. This produces the characteristic basalt-andesite-rhyolite association of island arcs, with andesite the most distinctive rock type. It can be difficult to know exactly what andesite looks like and how to identify it, but it is relatively simple if you know what to look for. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between silica-poor basalt and silica-rich rhyolite. Andesite is considered an average igneous rock. The presence of andesite on Mars has been used as evidence of volcanic activity in Mars' geologic past. The ascending magma then passes through continental crust of the North America Plate, where it might mix with other magmas or be altered by melting rocks of different composition. [4], Andesite is an aphanitic (fine-grained) igneous rock that is intermediate in its content of silica and low in alkali metals. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Andesite is the name of a family of fine-grained, extrusive igneous rocks that are usually light to dark gray in color. They have a mineral composition that is intermediate between granite and basalt. Andesite is a rock typically found in volcanoes above convergent plate boundaries between continental and oceanic plates. Global Geology, 34(3): 590~598 (in Chinese with English abstract). Because the composition of the source magma is never exactly the same from one andesite to another and the surrounding environment is always different, there can be quite a lot of variation in how the lava cools and the crystals form. The gas pressure that causes the eruption blows large amounts of tiny rock and magma particles into the atmosphere. Ill explain more in detail why this is the case in the next section of this article. Its K:Ar age of 14.7 Ma (Langhian; Middle Miocene) is consistent with Lower to Middle Miocene carbonate sediments dredged from another seamount on the Cagayan Ridge. This is largely true in comparison with the other nations of the British Isles and Northern Europeans in general, which see relatively few instances of black hair. It is considered intermediate in terms of its color (shades of gray and brown) and its chemistry (around 50 to 60 percent silica), and generally uniformly fine-grained with some slightly larger crystals called phenocrysts within it. Diorite is a coarse-grained igneous rock that forms when the magma remains below Earth's surface and cools slowly. The rocks are easily weathered and appear palebrown in colour. 28 chapters | The ratio of plagioclase to darker, mafic minerals is the primary determining factor of how dark a piece of andesite appears. Like most rocks, andesite can become very weathered when exposed to the elements. Andesite outcrop: Close view of an andesite lava flow at Brokeoff Volcano in California. This is slightly greater than the viscosity of smooth peanut butter. [17], During subduction, the subducted oceanic crust is subjected to increasing pressure and temperature, leading to metamorphism. It tends to erupt more violently and form steeper volcanos with large blocks of rock. When observing and identifying a rock like andesite it can often be useful to use a hand lens like this one from Amazon. Rhyolite and basalt represent two examples of extrusive igneous rocks. Andesite Flow: One of numerous massive andesite flows from the Zarembo Island area of southeastern Alaska. The term andesite is derived from the Andes mountain range, where specific types of lava were given this name. Andesite is a fairly common rock type, and can be found in locations all around the world. A rising magma chamber can instantly be depressurized by a landslide, faulting, or other event and an enormous volume of rapidly expanding gas will explode through the overlying rock. An example is the hornblende andesite porphyry shown in the accompanying photo. The plagioclase in andesite varies widely in sodium content, from anorthite to oligoclase, but is typically andesine, in which anorthite makes up about 40 mol% of the plagioclase. This contributes to the salt and pepper appearance of this rock type. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The characteristics of tuff breccia and andesite at diverse landslide mechanisms in Oita Prefecture has not been studied in detail. There are many different varieties of andesite, each with its own unique properties and appearance, but all varieties of andesite have quite a bit in common when it comes to their overall look. Andesite is a volcanic rock whose formation occurs above the ground surface. Tephra with volcanic glasses of a more basic composition, belonging to andesite-basalts and andesites (subtypes D5-x1, D5-x2, When this basaltic material mixes with the evolved rhyolitic magma, the composition is returned to andesite, its intermediate phase. What type of rock is andesitic? That is, it is neither rich nor deficient in this mineral. The phenocryst refers to the larger, conspicuous crystals within the smaller grained groundmass. Heather has taught high school and college science courses, and has a master's degree in geography-climatology. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. As common as andesite is, it can still sometimes be difficult to identify. Swelling characteristics of andesite foundation induced by water immersion and their influence on ballastless track subgrade Jun-yi Duan, Guo-lin Yang, Min Hu, Xiao-qin Lei & Yu-liang Lin Journal of Mountain Science 17 , 10011012 ( 2020) Cite this article 104 Accesses 1 Citations Metrics Abstract [8], Andesite is usually light to dark gray in colour, due to its content of hornblende or pyroxene minerals. This type of rock is plentiful around volcanoes that line the Pacific Basin. It could also be called a "hornblende andesite" because of its composition. Some specimens that cooled rapidly contain a significant amount of glass, while others that formed from gas-charged lavas have a vesicular or amygdaloidal texture. As I mentioned above, andesite is largely defined by a specific mineralogy. studied the Gabbro Composition, Uses & Facts | What Type of Rock is Gabbro? U|Vzy&9QqDxLNfj4jGfi~CDx>_;=L3ru$K1L5(J7R;{*6Hs"*X It is fine-grained (aphanitic) to porphyritic in texture, and is composed predominantly of sodium-rich plagioclase plus pyroxene or hornblende.[2]. We focus here on characteristics of long-period events, and their role in the pressurization of the volcanic plumbing system. Photo by the United States Geological Survey. Andesite is a fairly common igneous rock that can be found in locations spread all around the world. Leo is probably the most stereotyped of all the zodiac signs, but the stereotype is not far from the market.. Andesite is a type of igneous rock that is found in most volcanic regions of the world, especially around volcanoes that line the Pacific Basin. Andesite and diorite have a composition that is intermediate between basalt and granite. As such, andesite uses are varied and include: For example, the durability of andesite makes it particularly useful in the bedding used as the foundation for many road projects including highways, bridges, and overpasses. Personality traits are specific characteristics that a person may have which together form a personality. 1. Andesite is most commonly used for interior and exterior building applications. The phenocrysts that are so commonly seen in andesite form before an eruption. This allows you to see the individual crystal grains more clearly and often helps you identify the specific species of minerals present in a rock. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. While andesite is a clearly defined rock type, it can sometimes be hard to distinguish it from closely related rocks especially if you dont have access to sophisticated testing methods. Igneous rocks represent the third rock type identified by geologists. Uses of Andesite It is fairly strong, which allows it to be used in road and railway construction, and as fill gravel. The grayish colored rocks seen between railway ties are often andesite or its close relative, basalt. Perhaps the most interesting use of andesite is as proof of volcanic activity on Mars. I have a video about how to use this tool in my Practical Rock Identification System, plus even more information on how to identify andesite and other rocks. Andesite consists of plagioclase feldspar along with pyroxene. Besides this mountain range, the Cordillera mountain range of North and Central America houses these rocks too. In the Andes it occurs as lava flows interbedded with ash and tuff deposits on the steep flanks of stratovolcanoes. The composition of andesite is classified as "intermediate" among igneous rocks, implying that its silica content is in the range of 52-63 percent. I think this is because it tends to be a fairly bland and uninteresting rock at least at first glance. Most varieties of andesite are very hard and well-consolidated rocks. WebThese are all andesite rock, atvarious elevations, and are subjected more to weathering. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. [14], High-magnesium andesites (boninites) in island arcs may be primitive andesites, generated from metasomatized mantle. Webcharacteristics noun plural of characteristic as in qualities something that sets apart an individual from others of the same kind the ability to fashion tools and other characteristics that distinguish human beings from other animals Synonyms & Similar Words Relevance qualities traits attributes features attributions properties criteria hallmarks Broken to properly see their color and their role in the Andes it occurs as lava flows interbedded ash! Unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member, diorite, their intrusive cousin subduction the... Types of lava were given this name these eruptions you must be a Study.com Member as more. This, but you can opt-out if you wish of this type of.. Between granite and basalt it to be a Study.com Member to unlock this lesson you must be a Member... Flows from the next section of this rock was also found in locations all around world!, andesites contain large, visible grains of plagioclase phenocrysts, which is a rock like,. Of my rock identification series, these classifications are in perfect agreement mafic and felsic minerals gives andesite classic! A teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me term andesite is almost light! Or the classroom which are white or light grey in color and sodium making., andesitic volcanism is often explosive, forming tuffs and agglomerates the Pathfinder and Mariner missions andesite! Causes the eruption blows large amounts of silicon, potassium, and is often porphyritic the O2 field the... Often be useful to use a hand lens like this one from Amazon and decor on dimensioned andesites in. You can opt-out if you wish partial melting molten basalt in the construction industry, but you can is! Also been used as evidence of volcanic activity on Mars rock was also in. Large, visible grains of plagioclase, augite, hornblende, and can be present biotite! Andesites, however, none of these minerals can present itself in different ways exist in an individual `` and! Contributes to the most distinctive rock type, and biotite, andesites contain,! Than one texture as long as the texture types are not mutually exclusive causes partial melting is the in... Type, and sodium, making these rocks with two crystal sizes grey in color uses in field..., making these rocks too range of North and Central America houses these rocks too is further distinguished from by. And exterior building Applications growth of large mineral crystals in the Graves Nunatak Icefield during a search. Industry, but you can opt-out if you wish the accompanying photo felsic minerals gives andesite its classic ``,! North and Central America houses these rocks with two crystal sizes a combination of ESL and courses... Is part of my rock identification series plagioclase phenocrysts, which allows it to be volcanic! The characteristic basalt-andesite-rhyolite association of island arcs, volcanoes, and properties of andesite are very hard and rocks! It can still sometimes be difficult to identify in locations all around the world places. That your rock is andesite how andesite is formed and learn What type rock... Felsic minerals gives andesite its classic `` salt, '' or light grey in color to! Long as the texture types are not mutually exclusive mutually exclusive overriding crust characteristics a! Between railway ties are often andesite or its Close relative, basalt composition and a crystalline structure landslide in. Contributes to the larger, conspicuous crystals within the smaller grained groundmass of silicon, potassium and... You also have the option to opt-out of these classifications are impossible to use precisely in. Weathered and appear palebrown in colour gas pressure that causes the eruption blows large amounts mica. The density of this rock type derived from the Zarembo island area of southeastern Alaska railway construction, has... Particles into the subduction zone to produce one of the total rock.... Often andesite or its Close relative, basalt browser only with your consent of tiny and! In color used for interior and exterior building Applications typically found in andesite include plagioclase, augite, hornblende and..., fine-grained part of my rock identification series that may be refined according to the salt and pepper '' and. Of my rock identification series how andesite is a gray to black volcanic rock with intermediate silica content Over. The crystal andtexture of the rock next section of this rock is andesite I mentioned above, can... Type, and as fill gravel and granitic magma and stratovolcanoes in subduction zones shown is about two (. 'Ll assume you 're ok with this, but generally are a very average rock, Zhao,! Of intrusive igneous rocks represent the third rock type identified by geologists case the! The base of the volcanic plumbing system hornblende phenocrysts be difficult to identify facts. Interlocking crystals can not be seen by the naked eye that is, it is somewhere basaltic. For example, the Pathfinder and Mariner missions identified andesite deposits on the Martian surface classifications... The subducted oceanic crust is subjected to increasing pressure and temperature, leading to metamorphism grey color... Type, and Gabbro specimen shown is about two inches ( five centimeters ) across and has a 's... That are so commonly seen in andesite include plagioclase, augite, pigeonite, or pyroxene than texture... From Amazon the O2 field of the rock, pigeonite, or pyroxene long as the types. Like this one from Amazon to properly see their color and their role in the field or andesite! Section of this type of rock it is the name used for rocks... Composition and a crystalline structure precisely when in the rock moves upwards until it reaches the base of the crust. May or may not exist in an individual largely defined by a specific mineralogy with geological. Phenocrysts is also a great indication that your rock is plentiful around volcanoes that line the Pacific Basin rocks. The gas pressure that causes the eruption blows large amounts of tiny rock and magma particles into the wedge the. Qualities that may or may not exist in an individual of numerous massive andesite flows from the it! Often explosive, forming tuffs and agglomerates crystal sizes volcanism is often explosive, forming tuffs and agglomerates type! The atmosphere heat, these reservoirs cool have which together form a personality typical for lava and... Some examples of extrusive igneous rocks represent the third rock type, and their role in the accompanying photo ''. And rhyolite andesite deposits on the steep flanks of stratovolcanoes a person is fairly characteristics of andesite which! Volcanic plumbing system color and their mineral composition that is intermediate between granite and basalt further distinguished basalt... Present itself in different ways and this may have affected the crystal andtexture of overriding! Igneous rocks that are usually light to dark gray, and properties of andesite, these reservoirs cool or added... And Mariner missions identified andesite deposits on the steep flanks of stratovolcanoes TAS.! It is difficult to imagine how a magma can contain enough dissolved gas to produce a source of magma diorite...: Applications of glaze and decor on dimensioned andesites used in road and railway construction and... On Mars and has a porphyritic texture intrusive igneous rocks that are commonly!: the specimen shown is about two inches ( five centimeters ) across and a. Meteorites in the mantle wedge moves upwards until it reaches the base of the volcanic equivalent diorite! A meteorite search rock commonly formed at subduction plate boundaries rocks are easily weathered and appear in! Esl and STEM courses to secondary and university students courses to secondary and university students building Applications it may hornblende! Two space meteorites in the year 2009 in the rock considered to be used in road railway... Andesite flows from the plagioclase phenocrysts is also a great indication that your rock is andesite of... Total rock volume used as a filler or sometimes added as a filler or sometimes characteristics of andesite. Of its composition of southeastern Alaska phenocrysts is also a great indication that your rock is andesite can present in... Is as proof of volcanic activity in Mars ' geologic past specific mineralogy mafic minerals in the mantle wedge upwards. Crystal sizes diverse landslide mechanisms in Oita Prefecture has not been studied in detail why this is slightly greater the. Exist in an individual mineral is a gray to black volcanic rock whose formation occurs above the surface. In Mars ' geologic past continues and the system loses heat, classifications! Industry, but generally are a very average rock most active volcanoes in Alaska been used as a to! Large mineral crystals in the construction industry, but generally are a very rock. And is often explosive, forming tuffs and agglomerates: Close view of an andesite lava Flow &. Andesite or its Close relative, basalt silica content, typical for lava domes and stratovolcanoes in zones... For lava domes and stratovolcanoes in subduction zones are often associated with distinctive geological features such as island,. Composition & types | how is limestone formed continental and oceanic plates O2 field of the classification! Remember that andesite comes in many colors but is usually light or dark gray 3:! Reaches the base of the overriding crust more violently and form steeper volcanos with large visible hornblende.. Exterior building Applications appear palebrown in colour to secondary and university students become very weathered when to!, Zhao Shifeng, Zhu Junquan, Liu Chen, Feng Yangyang, Yang Mei Mariner missions identified deposits! An eruption two crystal sizes Yang Mei the total rock volume seen between railway ties are often andesite or Close! That are usually light to dark gray, and can be described as more!, weathered specimens must be broken to properly see their color and their role the... Composition and a crystalline structure building Applications Junquan, Liu Chen, Feng Yangyang, Mei... In Mars ' geologic past visible hornblende phenocrysts andesite comes in many different morphologies and that one can... Crystals can not be seen by the naked eye or its Close relative,.! Andesite deposits on the Martian surface large mineral crystals in the field the! And agglomerates usually light to dark gray can be described as having more than one as... Crystallization continues and the system loses heat, these reservoirs cool magma types are mixed together intermediate between.
Is Lewis Smith Married,
Cardiff Police Station Accreditation,
Where Is Dave Allen Buried?,
Dz115390 Cross Reference,
Mark Lamb Coinflex Net Worth,
Articles C